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Prove your code works with mathematical certainty

Certora Prover is a powerful tool that compares your smart contract bytecode against a rule detailing how you expect your code to behave. This process, known as formal verification, will check every possible contract state and contract path to identify critical vulnerabilities that hackers can exploit.

Solidity

/contracts/ERC20.sol

contract ERC20 is IERC20, IERC20Metadata {
...
    function transferFrom(address from, address to, uint256 value) public virtual returns (bool) {
        _spendAllowance(from, msg.sender, value);
        _transfer(from, to, value);
        return true;
    }
...

Rule

/specs/ERC20.spec

// Checks that transferFrom() decreases allowance of `e.msg.sender`

rule checkTransferFrom(address sender, address recipient, uint256 amount) {
    env e; // represents global variables like msg.sender
    require sender != recipient && amount > 0;

    uint256 allowanceBefore = allowance(sender, e.msg.sender);
    transferFrom(e, sender, recipient, amount);
    uint256 allowanceAfter = allowance(sender, e.msg.sender);
    
    assert (allowanceBefore > allowanceAfter),
        "allowance must decrease..."; // error message 
}

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Certora Prover

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Check every contract state
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